“Gender equality is more than a goal in itself. It is a precondition for meeting the challenge of reducing poverty, promoting sustainable development and building good governance.”
~ Kofi Annan

Learn More About Dr. Celeste Watkins-Hayes


Home > Research > Poverty, Public Policy and Street-Level Bureaucracy

How do government and non-profit institutions address (or fail to address) the needs of those facing economic hardship?

Public policies and institutions are incredibly important to everyday survival and have the potential to encourage socioeconomic mobility, facilitate gender equality, and break down racial hierarchies if organized and leveraged properly. My work explores what I call “catch-all bureaucracies,” government agencies called upon to be the societal arms of “help,” broadly defined. In light of ongoing debates about the remedies for high unemployment, these institutions remain central to our understanding of how those who are economically struggling navigate both macro-level economic and political transformations and micro-level conditions and struggles that shape their financial outlooks.


This is an ethnographic analysis of the implementation of welfare reform on the front lines of service delivery. It investigates how the professional, racial, class, and community identities of welfare caseworkers and supervisors shape the implementation of policy and other organizational dynamics. Study findings indicate that while welfare reform changed the job descriptions of front-line staff members (from eligibility-compliance claims processors to welfare-to-work caseworkers), these agencies were largely unable to undertake the steps necessary to change employees' professional identities.

As a result, welfare reform did not unfold as many policy makers had imagined it, and a piecemeal system of service-delivery is now underway. While we have witnessed caseload reductions and increased work among low-income mothers, inequalities abound in how clients receive the services most likely to influence their abilities to sustain economic self-sufficiency.

This incomplete revolution has also solidified many of the long-standing tensions around race, class, and community belonging in these offices in ways that have direct and indirect effects on service-delivery and other organizational dynamics.

The book, , was released in 2009 by the University of Chicago Press. In order to complete this project, Dr. Watkins-Hayes received support from The National Science Foundation (Grant No. 0512018), The Brookings Institution, and the National Poverty Center at the University of Michigan – Ann Arbor.

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Celeste Watkins-Hayes - Academic Articles

Race, Respect, and Red Tape: Inside the Black Box of Racially
Representative Bureaucracies


Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 21: i233-i251. read article

Race-ing the Bootstrap Climb: Black and Latino Bureaucrats
in Post-Reform Welfare Offices

Social Problems/56(2) : 285-310read article

Human Services as ‘Race Work’? Historical Lessons and
Contemporary Challenges of Black Providers


Yeheskel Hasenfeld (Editor). Sage Publications (Submissions invited by the editor)
read article

 

Celeste Watkins-Hayes - Commentary & Blog Posts

What is a catch-all bureaucracy?

Posted June 23,2011 read article

How does race inform professional identities?
Posted June 17, 2011 read article